Whereas we experience moods in normal, everyday situations, we experience emotions only when things are out of the ordinary or unusual. Emotions serve an adaptive role in helping us guide our social behaviors. Just as we run from a snake because the snake elicits fear, we may try to make amends with other people when we feel guilty.
Because we interact with and influence each other every day, we have developed the ability to make these interactions proceed efficiently and effectively. We cooperate with other people to gain outcomes that we could not obtain on our own, and we exchange goods, services, and other benefits with other people.
The sharing of goods, services, emotions, and other social outcomes is known as social exchange. Social rewards the positive outcomes that we give and receive when we interact with others include such benefits as attention, praise, affection, love, and financial support.
Social costs the negative outcomes that we give and receive when we interact with others , on the other hand, include, for instance, the frustrations that accrue when disagreements with others develop, the guilt that results if we perceive that we have acted inappropriately, and the effort involved in developing and maintaining harmonious interpersonal relationships.
Imagine a first-year student at college or university who is trying to decide whether or not to join a student club. Joining the club has costs, in terms of the dues that have to be paid, the need to make friends with each of the other club members and to attend club meetings, and so forth. On the other hand, there are the potential benefits of group membership, including having a group of friends with similar interests and a social network to help find activities to participate in.
People generally prefer to maximize their own outcomes by attempting to gain as many social rewards as possible and by attempting to minimize their social costs. Such behavior is consistent with the goal of protecting and enhancing the self. But although people do behave according to the goals of self-concern, these goals are tempered by other-concern: the goals of respecting, accepting, and cooperating with others. As a result, social exchange is generally fair and equitable, at least in the long run.
Imagine, for example, that someone asks you to do a favor for them, and you do it. If they were only concerned about their own self-enhancement, they might simply accept the favor without any thought of paying you back. Yet both you and they would realize that you would most certainly expect them to be willing to do the same type of favor for you, should you ask them at some later time.
One of the outcomes of humans living together in small groups over thousands of years is that people have learned to cooperate by giving benefits to those who are in need, with the expectation of a return of benefits at a future time. This mutual, and generally equitable, exchange of benefits is known as reciprocal altruism.
An individual who is temporarily sick or injured will benefit from the help that he or she might get from others during this time. And according to the principle of reciprocal altruism, other group members will be willing to give that help to the needy individual because they expect that similar help will be given to them should they need it.
However, in order for reciprocal altruism to work, people have to keep track of how benefits are exchanged, to be sure that everyone plays by the rules. If one person starts to take benefits without paying them back, this violates the principle of reciprocity and should not be allowed to continue for very long. De Dreu, C. Hedonic tone and activation level in the mood-creativity link: Toward a dual pathway to creativity model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94 5 , — Isen, A.
Positive affect as a source of human strength. Save Word. Definition of affect Entry 1 of 3. Hall The eruption of Krakatau in what is now Indonesia affected global sunsets for years … — Evelyn Browning Garriss Before the s it was not at all clear how nicotine affected the brain. Lee Kagan. Definition of affect Entry 2 of 3. Bond : to be given to a preferred style of dress, speech, etc. Definition of affect Entry 3 of 3. Baumeister and Brad J. Bushman Killing and meaningless mass murder without affect , as the psychologists say, … have become too frequent occurrences in contemporary life.
Synonyms for affect Synonyms: Verb 2 impact , impress , influence , move , reach , strike , sway , tell on , touch Synonyms: Noun act , assume , bluff , counterfeit , dissemble , fake , feign , pass for , pretend , profess , put on , sham , simulate Visit the Thesaurus for More.
Choose the Right Synonym for affect Verb 1 affect , influence , touch , impress , strike , sway mean to produce or have an effect upon. Frequently Asked Questions About affect What is the difference between affect and effect? What is the difference between affection and affectation? Examples of affect in a Sentence Verb 1 As strange as this sounds, the negative karma probably affected the actual games, the way a gambler who constantly dwells on his bad luck can derail an entire blackjack table.
They show no discernible emotional reaction to what they have done. Recent Examples on the Web: Verb Because no funding formulas are tied to the data file used to draw the new district maps, reassigning those held at the ACI will not affect money flowing to Cranston, or any of the other 38 cities and towns in Rhode Island.
Yossman, Variety , 2 Nov. Friedman, WSJ , 26 Oct. First Known Use of affect Verb 1 15th century, in the meaning defined above Verb 2 15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 6 Noun 14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2. Moods are like evaluations in that they tend to be relatively long-lasting.
In contrast to both evaluations and moods, emotions are highly specific positive or negative reactions to a particular person, object, or event.
Emotions tend to be experienced for relatively short periods of time and generally have shorter durations than moods or evaluations. Emotions tend to be more intense than moods and allow us to describe how feel more clearly than do moods or evaluations. That is, we can specify exactly what type of negative feelings we are experiencing. For example, if your roommate steals your book, you may say that you feel angry, rather than simply say that you feel negatively.
Further, other negative emotions e. Affect is often contrasted with cognition i.
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