In addition, the prison, probation, parole, and jail populations we report for are also estimated, based on the recent state-specific trends in each state. With these caveats in mind, the results reported here present our best account of the prevalence of U. These estimates will be adjusted if and when we discover errors or omissions in the data compiled from individual states, U.
Census and Bureau of Justice Statistics sources, or in our own spreadsheets and estimation procedures. Click here for state estimates of disenfranchised individuals with felony convictions. Click here for state estimates of disenfranchised African Americans with felony convictions. Florida Department of Corrections. Manza, Jeff and Christopher Uggen. New York: Oxford University Press. Porter, Nicole D. Uggen, Christopher and Jeff Manza. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project.
An estimated 6. Table of Contents: Overview Disenfranchisement in Recent Changes Disenfranchisement and Restoration of Civil Rights Summary References Overview In this election year, the question of voting restrictions is once again receiving great public attention. Our key findings include the following: As of , an estimated 6.
There were an estimated 1. Approximately 2. Individuals who have completed their sentences in the twelve states that disenfranchise people post-sentence make up over 50 percent of the entire disenfranchised population, totaling almost 3.
Rates of disenfranchisement vary dramatically by state due to broad variations in voting prohibitions. In six states — Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Virginia — more than 7 percent of the adult population is disenfranchised. The state of Florida alone accounts for more than a quarter 27 percent of the disenfranchised population nationally, and its nearly 1.
One in 13 African Americans of voting age is disenfranchised, a rate more than four times greater than that of non-African Americans. Over 7. African American disenfranchisement rates also vary significantly by state. In four states — Florida 21 percent , Kentucky 26 percent , Tennessee 21 percent , and Virginia 22 percent — more than one in five African Americans is disenfranchised.
State Disenfranchisement Law To compile estimates of disenfranchised populations, we take into account new U. Table 1. Arizona — Permanently disenfranchises persons with two or more felony convictions. California — In , legislation restored voting rights to people convicted of a felony offense housed in jail, but not in prison. Delaware — The Hazel D.
Plant Voter Restoration Act removed the five-year waiting period. People convicted of a felony, with some exceptions, are now eligible to vote upon completion of sentence and supervision. People who are convicted of certain disqualifying felonies — including murder, bribery, and sexual offenses — are permanently disenfranchised. Iowa — Governor Tom Vilsack restored voting rights to individuals who had completed their sentences via executive order on July 4, Governor Terry Branstad reversed this executive order on January 14, returning to permanent disenfranchisement for persons released from supervision after that date.
Maryland — Eliminated the ban on voting for persons on probation or parole supervision in Nebraska — Reduced its indefinite ban on post-sentence voting to a two-year waiting period in Nevada — Disenfranchises people convicted of one or more violent felonies and people convicted of two or more felonies of any type. Tennessee — Disenfranchises those convicted of certain felonies since , in addition to those convicted of select crimes prior to Others must apply to Board of Probation and Parole for restoration.
Rhode Island — A ballot referendum eliminated the ban on voting for persons on probation or parole supervision. South Dakota — State began disenfranchising people on felony probation in Wyoming — Voting rights restored after five years to people who complete sentences for first-time, non-violent felony convictions in or after. Methodology We estimated the number of people released from prison and those who have completed their terms of parole or probation based on demographic life tables for each state, as described in Uggen, Manza, and Thompson and Shannon et al.
Disenfranchisement in Figure 1 shows the distribution of the 6. Variation Across States Figure 1. Disenfranchisement Distribution Across Correctional Population, Download PDF. Everyone has the right to vote. Nevada People in prison cannot vote. Oregon People in prison cannot vote.
Montana People in prison cannot vote. North Dakota People in prison cannot vote. Utah People in prison cannot vote. Hawaii People in prison cannot vote. Michigan People in prison cannot vote. Illinois People in prison cannot vote. Indiana People in prison cannot vote. Ohio People in prison cannot vote. Pennsylvania People in prison cannot vote. Maryland People in prison cannot vote. New Hampshire People in prison cannot vote. Massachusetts People in prison cannot vote.
Rhode Island People in prison cannot vote. Arizona Some people with felony convictions cannot vote. Tennessee Some people with felony convictions cannot vote. Mississippi Some people with felony convictions cannot vote. Alabama Some people with felony convictions cannot vote.
Florida Some people with felony convictions cannot vote. Kentucky All people with felony convictions are permanently disenfranchised. Virginia All people with felony convictions are permanently disenfranchised.
California People in prison cannot vote. Connecticut People in prison and on parole cannot vote. Vermont Everyone has the right to vote. The distribution of disenfranchised individuals shown in Figure 1 also bears repeating: about one-fourth of this population is currently incarcerated, and about 4 million adults who live in their communities are banned from voting.
Of this total, 1. In addition, the prison, probation, parole, and jail populations we report for are also estimated, based on year-end data and the recent state-specific trends in each state. With these caveats in mind, the results reported here present our best account of the prevalence of U. These estimates will be adjusted if and when we discover errors or omissions in the data compiled from individual states, U.
Census and Bureau of Justice Statistics sources, or in our own spreadsheets and estimation procedures. Nevertheless, readers should bear in mind that our state specific figures for the 11 states that bar individuals from voting after they have completed their sentences remain point estimates rather than actual head counts.
Click here for state estimates of disenfranchised individuals with felony convictions. Click here for state estimates of disenfranchised African Americans with felony convictions. Click here for state estimates of disenfranchised Latinx Americans with felony convictions. Langan, Patrick and Mark Cunniff. Washington: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Love, Margaret, and David Schlussel. Who Must Pay to Regain the Vote? A State Survey. Collateral Consequences Research Center.
Manza, Jeff and Christopher Uggen. New York: Oxford University Press. McLeod, Morgan. McNeil, Walter. Porter, Nicole D. Uggen, Christopher and Jeff Manza. In the past 25 years, half the states have changed their laws and practices to expand voting access to people with felony convictions.
Despite these important reforms, 5. Overview In this presidential election year, the question of voting restrictions, and their disproportionate impact on Black and Brown communities, should receive greater public attention.
Our key findings include the following: As of , an estimated 5. There were an estimated 1. One out of 44 adults — 2. Individuals who have completed their sentences in the eleven states that disenfranchise at least some people post-sentence make up most 43 percent of the entire disenfranchised population, totaling 2. Rates of disenfranchisement vary dramatically by state due to broad variations in voting prohibitions.
In three states — Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee — more than 8 percent of the adult population, one of every thirteen people, is disenfranchised. We estimate that nearly , Floridians who have completed their sentences remain disenfranchised, despite a ballot referendum that promised to restore their voting rights.
One in 16 African Americans of voting age is disenfranchised, a rate 3. Over 6. African American disenfranchisement rates vary significantly by state. In seven states — Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wyoming — more than one in seven African Americans is disenfranchised, twice the national average for African Americans. Although data on ethnicity in correctional populations are still unevenly reported, we can conservatively estimate that over , Latinx Americans or over 2 percent of the voting eligible population are disenfranchised.
Approximately 1. State Disenfranchisement Law To compile estimates of disenfranchised populations, we take into account new U. Table 1. California — In , lawmakers restored voting rights to people convicted of a felony offense housed in jail, but not in prison. That year, officials authorized persons sentenced to prison to be released to probation rather than parole, affirming voting rights for residents under felony community supervision.
New York — In , Governor Cuomo reviewed and restored voting rights to persons currently on parole via executive order. There is currently no assurance that this practice will continue, however, so New York is listed as a state that continues to disenfranchise people on parole. Louisiana — In , authorized voting for residents under an order of imprisonment for a felony who have not been incarcerated for five years, including those on probation and parole.
Arizona — Permanently disenfranchises persons with two or more felony convictions. In , removed the requirement to pay outstanding fines before rights are automatically restored for first time felony offenses only. Delaware — In , removed the five-year waiting period to regain voting eligibility. Apart from some disqualifying offenses, people convicted of a felony are now eligible to vote upon completion of sentence and supervision. Florida — In , voters passed an amendment to restore voting rights to most people after sentence completion.
In , legislation was passed that made restoration conditional on payment of all restitution, fees, and fines. As of October, , only the rights of those who had paid all legal financial obligations fines and fees had been restored. Iowa — In , Governor Reynolds signed an executive order restoring voting rights to people who have completed their sentences, except for those convicted of homicide.
This follows previous executive orders from Governor Vilsack restoring voting rights to individuals who had completed their sentences in and Governor Branstad reversing this executive order in Kentucky — In , Governor A.
Beshear issued an executive order restoring voting rights to those who had completed sentences for nonviolent offenses. This follows a similar executive order by Governor S.
Beshear, which had been rescinded by Governor Bevin later that year. Mississippi — Permanently disenfranchises individuals convicted of certain offenses. Nebraska — In , reduced its indefinite ban on post-sentence voting to a two-year waiting period.
Tennessee — Disenfranchises those convicted of certain felonies since , in addition to those convicted of select crimes prior to Others must apply to the Board of Probation and Parole for restoration. Virginia — In , Governor Northam reported that his administration has restored voting rights to 22, Virginians previously convicted of felonies.
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